Is Response Intervention effective in Autistic Children Case Study

Is Response Intervention effective in Autistic Children - Case Study Example Response to Intervention in Autistic Children Response-to-Intervention is a popular object of present day research. Much has been said about the benefits and principles of RTI models for children with special needs. Psychologists welcome the implementation of RTI models and principles for exceptional children, including those with autism. Unfortunately, the effects of RTI on autistic children and their behaviors remain unclear. This paper reports the results of RTI usage in children with autism. A brief review of literature is performed. Methods and results of the intervention are discussed. The goal of the study is to see whether RTI can be successfully applied to enhance emotional stability and behaviors in children and adolescents with autism. Literature Review Response-to-Intervention (RTI) is a popular object of present day research. RTI is claimed to be an innovative approach to delivering learning and psychological/ emotional services in schools (Barnes & Harlacher, 2008). RTI is fairly regarded as a relevant, proactive response to the emotional and behavioral difficulties faced by school children in their striving to meet at least the basic learning objectives (Barnes & Harlacher, 2008). ... According to Barnes and Harlacher (2008), RTI relies on the five main principles. First, the model is both proactive and preventative (Barnes & Harlacher, 2008). Second, RTI ensures a strategic emotional and instructional fit between the student, student’s needs, and the curriculum and instruction (Barnes & Harlacher, 2008). Third, RTI builds on data-based decision-making and is problem-solving-oriented (Barnes & Harlacher, 2008). Fourth, RTI relies on the use of effective instructional practices; and fifth, it is a systems-level approach (Barnes & Harlacher, 2008). To a large extent, the use of RTI does not merely allow identifying students with special learning needs but creates the basis for improving their learning outcomes (Barnes & Harlacher, 2008). Barnes and Harlacher (2008) specify that the principal features of RTI are (1) multiple tiers; (2) a complex system of assessment; (3) a sophisticated protocol; and (4) evidence-based instruction. Here, the complex relationsh ip between features and principles of RTI becomes evident. Multiple tiers reflect and reinforce the proactive nature of the model and create a foundation for achieving the instructional match between the student, student’s needs, and instruction/ curriculum. The assessment system inherent in the RTI is integrally linked to the model’s problem solving orientation. The protocol as the third most important feature of RTI is inseparable from the principle of effective practices, whereas evidence-based instructions and practices support the systems-level character of RTI (Barnes & Harlacher, 2008). The current state of literature offers arguments to defend and expand the use of RTI in various instructional situations. Barnett, VanDerHeyden and Witt (2007) list a set of arguments and

Comparison between States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey Essay

Comparison between States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey - Essay Example Comparison between States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey Pennsylvania and New Jersey are neighboring states in the US. The two states border each other as New Jersey lies to the west of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was among the thirteen British colonies. Its blue flag embroided by the state coat of arms was authorized by the general assembly in 1799. Its motto is virtue, Liberty, and independence. Its capital city is Harrisburg and main cities include Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Erie, Allentown, Upper Darby Twp, Reading, Scranton and Lancaster. New Jersey’s location is 40.223N; 74.764w.it was admitted to statehood in December 18 1787. It covers an area8722 sq.mi it is a third state. New Jerseys State flag, which was formally, adopted in 1896 has the states’ coat of arms emblazoned at the center. Its motto is liberty and prosperity. Its capital city is Trenton and key cities include Newark and Jersey City, Paterson and Elizabeth, Edison Township and Woodbridge Township as well as Dover Township and Camden. According to the US Cens us Bureau in 2010, Pennsylvania has a total population of 12.7096 million from 12.2842 million in 2000. The same census puts New Jerseys population at 8.8016 million from 8.4306 million in 2000. Pennsylvania ranks sixth in population among other states. The population growth seems to be almost constant. There is no overpopulation as growth can be easily estimated. The city of Philadelphia is the largest city in the state, and the sixth ranked biggest city in the US. Pittsburg is the state’s second largest city followed by Allentown.... It is Pennsylvania’s chief port in the lake (Hart and Hantula 9). The state has several large lakes including the Allegheny reservoir which is an artificial lake in the Allegheny national Forest. The North eastern part of Pennsylvania is dotted with small lakes. Before the highway turnpikes were built, rivers were the best travelling routes. The Monongahela and the Allegheny two of Pennsylvania biggest rivers join to form the Ohio River at Pittsburg (Gwenyth 7). The city of Pittsburg also known as the city of bridges lies in the northern foothills of the Alleghenies, where the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet to form the Ohio River. Pennsylvania’s three-fifth is covered with forests. The forest contains the oak, hickory and walnut trees in the south while the black bears live the northern lush woods. Much of New Jersey is rich in natural beauty. It has many factories and office building that were not there during early settlement. Her forests and marshes are full o f wildlife. New Jersey is also known as the fertile farming land. It has sandy beaches stretching along its coast for miles (Heinrich 4). It supplies many surrounding cities with fruits and fresh vegetables hence its reference as the garden state. It is surprising that Lancaster County appears like a history museum because of the centuries-old traditions that farmers here follow. That others still choose to live in homes in this era without electricity and still speak their native Swiss and German languages is captivating (Gwenyth 7). Both cities are surrounded by water bodies. The Delaware, Susquehanna, Allegheny and Ohio are four great river systems that shaped the state of Pennsylvania. These rivers were crucial in the development of the transportation systems and

Relationship between dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex

Relationship between dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an essential aspect of the frontal lobes in the brain. Executive function is carried out by the prefrontal cortex: where abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts and to determine what is good or bad operate. The PFC is connected very compactly with the rest of the brain which allows the PFC to be responsible for guiding features such as memory, emotion, decision-making, planning actions, and attention. If the PFC is damaged and the activity in it is minimal then this affects many things. The PFC could be damaged by lesions or even due to the misuse of drugs or alcohol (Rogers et al., 2010). In turn the damage to the PFC can lead the brain to make irrational decisions; have loss of behavioural control or even have a complete personality change: all of which explain why people may perform antisocial behaviour (ASB). Lesions in the prefrontal cortex have massive effects on decision making. (Manes et al., 2001). ASB stems from the fact that a human being has taken the decision as to whether they should act in a way that is not seen as appropriate in society: therefore, the damage to the PFC may have led them to this decision. Manes (2001) carried out a study to examine this theory. Manes found that out of several different groups he had with lesions in different parts of the brain the group with large frontal lesions was the only group to exhibit risky decision making. This contradicts most other studies: including studies by Benjamin Libet and colleagues which showed that brain activity associated with deliberate decisions can be detected shortly before we are conscious of making the decision. (Libet, 1983) Participants were asked to note when they first felt the intention of making a movement by noting the position of a dot on a computer screen. The participants were first aware of their intentions about 200 milliseconds before actually acting. This is much later than the onset of readiness potential: meaning that the decision to act in a particular way in this study was risky. This experiment was heavily criticised for its accuracy. However, recent research has proven that if anything the actual onset of conscious intention is later. (Lau, 2006). The PFC can not only change the way somebody makes decisions -many studies have proven that lesions in the PFC can cause a complete personality change, where a good mannered personality can be changed instantly to an unpleasant one. (Chow, 2000) This was substantially displayed in the accident of Phineas Gage, (Harlow, 1848) where he survived a horrific accident after a large iron rod went completely through his head, destroying much of his brains left frontal lobe. This accident resulted in a vast personality change of Gage, which raised one of the first discussions as to whether damage to the prefrontal cortex can change a persons behaviour. This then led to even more studies into this issue which resulted in one of the largest studies of patients with brain damage. Grafman (1996) found that the patients that showed an increase in aggression were most strongly associated with PFC lesions in a sample of 279 veterans of the Vietnam War. However, the higher scores were mostly associated with verbal aggression rather than physical. This, yet again, supported Harlows observation of Gage. (Grafman, 1996) The PFC is essential for behavioural control; therefore, this is why PFC lesions lead to ASB. Anti-social behaviour can be described as behaviour that is likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to [others]. (Riley, 2007). Many studies have demonstrated the direct effect that the PFC has on determining ASB. Violent behaviour is connected with structural and functional shortages in the prefrontal cortex according to many brain imaging studies. A meta-analysis of these studies was carried out by Yang et al (2009), where 43 structural and functional imaging studies were looked at. Results showed an 11% reduction in PFC grey matter in patients with anti-social personality disorder (APD). From all of these studies it was concluded that there is reduced prefrontal structure and function in antisocial individuals. Anderson (1999) also investigated this he examined the long term consequences of PFC lesions before 16 months in two adults. It resulted in the two adults having severely impaired social behaviour despite basic cognitive abilities and also insensitivity to consequences of decisions. The two patients suffered from defective social and moral reasoning; showing attainment of complex social and moral rules had been impaired. This study explained that early prefrontal damage syndrome leads to syndrome resembling psychopathy. A great deal of empirical research demonstrates that mental illness is higher in incarcerated populations and estimates that as many as 25% of defendants evaluated for capability are medically and legally incompetent to stand trial. (Golding, 1984). With this fact in mind, many people argue that minds are simply what brains do (Minsky, 1948) If this is the case then people are controlled by their brain, therefore have little personal choice as to how they behave. It is clear that the PFC has a huge effect on behaviour of human beings. It can have such an effect that it changes a persons entire personality from positive to negative. Anything that minimises the activity in the PFC can lead to negative consequences. It can make somebody less effective at decision making; make people violent and entirely change somebody as a person. All of these things in turn lead to antisocial behaviour which raises huge debate as to whether people who are antisocial due to minimal activity in the PFC are criminals or are innocently mentally ill human beings. It is certain how important the PFC is to the brain and the research that has been carried out shows that we should not abuse the PFC (alcohol, drugs) as it is very significant to enable us to behaviour in a responsible manner.

The Hooded Figure :: miscellaneous

The Hooded Figure A musty wet cloud of deadness was all about the chamber as a hooded figure stepped into the chamber. In the middle of the chamber was a huge fountain. The fountain had a mysterious glow that came from the ceiling. The hooded figure stopped just before the fountain, confused about which path to take for there were four paths in any of the four cardinal directions. The hooded figure came to it stopped and turned circles in his mind about which [path to take. The figure decided to take a short nap and decide in a moment. Argo came from the west hopping from branch to branch with no difficulty at all. Suddenly from the corner of his eye came a streaming bolt of white magic bound for his torso. Argo stopped mid air turned bring an arrow to his bow with one single motion. Flinging the arrow at his target and saying a few magical words to enchant the arrow to pass right through the target of his. The target let out a howling scream as the arrow caught it in the chest. â€Å"Well done Young Master.† came a voice in side of his head. â€Å"Tis but target practice!† hey Argo said back. â€Å"I want you to report back at my quarters within the hour. Do u have a problem with this?† â€Å"No!† he said in an exasperated voice. Argo continued on his travels to the City of Elves. Soon dropping to the ground to continue on foot to the City of Elves. Within the hour Argo was back in his masters quarters. â€Å"Master Arros I’m back!† yelled Argo when he reached his masters tree. â€Å"For a Moon Elf you are very good in the trees of Earth.† â€Å"Thanks. It comes naturally to my family.† â€Å"Take some rest your sister will be back within the next day.† As the hooded figure awoke to find himself next to the fountain still, he was dieing of thirst. Seeing the fountain as the only way to get water the figure cupped his hands to form a cup to take water. First he smelled it before quenching his thirst. A few seconds later the light on the fountain started to travel to a northern path. A door opened before the light reached it. The hooded figure decided to follow the light to the door. As the figure just passed through the door way the door swung shut right behind him.

Lab Report: Blood Pressure Essay

The woozy feeling when standing up too quickly. After going for a run, feeling as if one more beat and the heart would project itself out of the chest. Or quite the opposite and being in a very relaxed state. These are all changes one experiences at some time or another. What causes the different feelings and how each variable affects pulse rate and blood pressure has many wondering. Because of this curiosity, an experiment was performed to get some answers. The purpose of the experiment is to see how different variables affect pulse rate and blood pressure. Before starting the experiment, self educating on background information was a necessity in order to obtain a full understanding of what exactly was going to be performed. What is blood pressure and how does it work? â€Å"As the heart beats, the heart pushes blood through a network of blood vessels called arteries. As the blood travels through the arteries, it pushes against the sides of these blood vessels and the strength of this pushing is called blood pressure.† (Blood Pressure UK) After getting the basic definition of what blood pressure is, it was learned that when blood pressure is taken the first number that is said is the systolic blood pressure level or the highest level that is reached when the heart is squeezing. The second number that is read is the diastolic pressure level or the lowest level when the heart is relaxing, which is measured in mm Hg. (Blood Pressure UK) Moving on to pulse rate, also known as heart rate. It is known that pulse rate is the number of times the heart beats in one minute. (Gordon) Pulse is lower at rest and increases when higher activity is performed, like exercise. (Gordon) Pulse is taken by putting the tips of the index finger and middle finger onto the palm side of the opposite wrist below the base of the thumb. (Gordon) By pressing lightly with fingers, one could feel the blood pulsing beneath the fingers. (Gordon) After counting for ten seconds, the number of beats felt is multiplied by six to get the heart rate per minute. (Gordon) Normal pulse is between sixty and a hundred beats per minute. (Gordon) Posture Changes, Exercise, and Cognitive Stressor are the three variables to be tested. First, the focus will be on posture changes. More specifically, reclining for three minutes. It is hypothesized that both, arterial pressure and pulse rate, will decrease because the heart doesn’t have to work as hard to distribute blood to the body. Normally it takes more effort to deliver blood to the body is erect. After reclining for three minutes and standing up quickly, it is hypothesized that pulse rate will decrease because the act of standing takes a good amount of blood that travels down into the legs causing less stroke volume for the ventricle to pump. Once standing for three minutes, it is hypothesized that the arterial pressure and pulse rate with both increase. As it is increasing, it will also be recognized that the arterial pressure and pulse rate will return to baseline. Once data is collected from the variable of posture changes, exercise will be the next variable to look at. Immediately after exercising, it is hypothesized that arterial pressure and blood pressure will increase. It is thought because the body is performing high activity, it means that the heart has to work faster to be able to successfully perform venous return which then increases stroke volume and as a result increases cardiac output. Not only will the arterial pressure and pulse rate increase, it will be at its max range. Two minutes after exercise, it is hypothesized that the arterial pressure and pulse rate will decrease. Because the body is starting to calm down and come back down to resting, the heart doesn’t need to produce as high of stroke volume therefore decreasing the cardiac output. Focusing on the last variable of cognitive stressor, the subject will have to spell a list of words forwards and backwards. It is hypothesized that while doing this, the subject arterial pressure and pulse rate will increase. This is to be thought because while the subject is spelling the words the mind will be under a lot of stress therefore causing acts of anxiety or nervousness to arise, making the heart beat faster than normal. Procedure: â€Å"For procedures, refer to Lab 6, Activity 2, in the Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual.† Discussion/Conclusion: To start off the experiment, a baseline was needed in order to be able to compare the different variables through out the experiment. The subject was instructed to sit and relax quietly while the blood pressure cuff and pulse plethysmograph were placed properly. After the blood pressure was taken and analyzed, it was found that the subject’s blood pressure was 122/64 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 60 bpm. Now that the baseline was obtained, continuing with the changing variables could take place. Starting with the variable of postural changes, the subject first reclined for three minutes. After the two minutes, the subjects blood pressure and pulse rate was taken and gave a reading of 120/52 mm Hg and 60 bpm. Looking back at the hypothesis, it was hypothesized that after reclining for three minutes the arterial pressure and pulse rate will both decrease. Cross referencing the given data with the hypothesis, it was found that the results didn’t fully match with the hypothesis. The blood pressure did, in fact, decrease due to the relaxation state that the subject was in. On the other hand, the pulse rate stayed the same. Reflecting on that and looking at the variables in the environment, it could be said that the subject wasn’t in a state of full relaxation. The subject was instructed to recline on a cold lab table with other subjects and groups in the room. It is possible that the discrepancy in this experiment was the environment in which the subject was instructed to recline and relax. After reclining, the subject was instructed to stand up quickly. Right when the subject stood up, blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. It was collected that the subject’s blood pressure was 132/58 mm Hg and pulse rate of 62 bpm. Relating back to the hypothesis, it was said that the arterial pressure and the pulse rate would decrease. The results obtained and the hypothesis did not match. Further dissecting why the data didn’t match the hypothesis, it was discovered that because the subject stood up very quickly, 500 mL or more travels down into the legs. It was thought, due to that reason it would mean less stroke volume for the ventricle to pump. Looking at it from a different angle, because the amount of blood that travels to the legs, it actually causes the heart to work more rapidly to evenly transport regular amounts of blood through out the body causing the arterial pressure and the pulse rate to increase. Once the subject was standing for three minutes, the reading of the blood pressure was 130/52 mmHg and the pulse rate was 64 bpm. Comparing to the hypothesis, it was said that the arterial pressure and pulse rate would increase trying to bring the body back to baseline. Looking at the results, the blood pressure, in fact, decreased and the pulse rate increased, making the results partially confirm the hypothesis. Because it didn’t completely confirm the hypothesis, it could be said that the subjects body wasn’t able to get the body completely back to baseline in three minutes. It may have taken a few more minutes in order for the body to get back to a regular state. After those variables were explored, the next variable tested was exercise. Instead of there being only one subject, two subjects were used. Subject #1 was a well conditioned subject, someone who works out on a regular basis and already has endurance. Subject #2 was someone who was poorly conditioned, who never does strenuous activity. Before any physical activity, a baseline was required so there was data that can be compared. The well conditioned subject’s baseline was an arterial pressure of 118/70 mmHg and pulse rate of 61 bpm. The poorly condition subject’s baseline read as arterial pressure 122/44 mmHg and pulse rate of 60 bpm. Both subjects were instructed to exercise for five minutes, which consisted of running up and down the stairs. Immediately after exercising, the reading of the arterial pressure and pulse rate were taken. The well conditioned subject’s arterial pressure read 162/62 mmHg and pulse rate of 76 bpm. The poor conditioned subject’s arterial pressure read 139/60 mmHg and pulse rate 80 bpm. The hypothesis was confirmed that immediately after exercising, the arterial pressure and pulse rate would increase. Not only would it increase, but it would be at a max range. The venous return increased due to the increase in skeletal muscle activity. Increasing venous return, increases stroke volume, which then increases cardiac output. One minute after exercising, the subjects arterial pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Subject #1’s arterial pressure was 138/70 mmHg and pulse rate was 74 bpm. Subject #2’s arterial pressure was 134/65 mmHg and 76 bpm. The hypothesis was confirmed that the arterial pressure and pulse rate would decrease but still higher than baseline. As you see reflected in the â€Å"Results† section above, two and three minutes after exercising the blood pressure and pulse rate decreased, further confirming the hypothesis. The third and final variable tested was cognitive stressor. The subject was instructed to read 12 spelling words forwards and backwards at five second intervals. Before, just like any experiment a baseline needed to be obtained. After the reading was recorded, the first test began. The subject had to spell a series of words, as this was happening, the subject was hooked up to iWorx which is a system that reads blood pressure and pulse rate. Once the test had ended, the data was analyzed and it was found that the hypothesis of the pulse pressure and blood pressure increasing did not apply to the first part of the test. The subject’s blood pressure had decreased while the pulse pressure increased. The discrepancy was thought to be that the subject was very comfortable in spelling words therefore the blood pressure decreased but the pressure from spelling in front of other people may have caused the pulse rate to increase. The subject then spelled a series of words backwards, this further confirmed the hypothesis that the blood pressure and pulse pressure would increase. The focus on spelling the words backwards correctly and the pressure of people watching the subject caused the increase in blood pressure and pulse pressure. Throughout this experiment, it was interesting to see how to different variables in every day life can effect ones blood pressure and pulse rate. For the most part, each hypothesis was confirmed. The hypotheses that weren’t confirmed, it was an obvious discrepancy that explained why the experiment didn’t work out as planned. What can be taken from this experiment is that one can maintain a certain level of arterial pressure and pulse rate by the activity that is performed. Arterial pressure and pulse rate are very sensitive and can change at any moment. It is good to be knowledgable on what factors effect blood pressure and pulse rate; also on how it effects your body. References: Blood Pressure UK: (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/microsites/u40/Home/facts/Bloodpressure Gordon: Gordon, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/prevention/exercise/pulsethr.aspx View as multi-pages

I am happy Essay

I think, happiness lies in living a plain life within one’s own means. If you follow the dictum ‘cut you coat according to your cloth’ and live within your own means, you will not need to trouble your head to get a loan of money or to pay back loan. Besides, you will not be a parasite or a dependant on others and your free mind will bring you immense happiness. Happiness lies not only in the life of plain living but also in the life of high thinking. So, a saying goes on ‘plain living and high thinking’. If you live a life of high thinking the trifling worldly troubles will not disturb your mind. With your high mindedness and broad heartedness you will be able to excuse your small complaints and thereby you will be free from a lot of troubles. High-mindedness depends on plain living. If you do not be plain in your living you will fall in constant wants and you will become a self-seeker which will lead to low mindedness and meanness. So, in order to live a happy life, you should follow the dictum ‘Plain living and high-thinking’. Health of body and peace of mind are necessary for living a happy life. You can get health of body and peace of mind by following the principles of hygiene and ethics. Idleness, is the greatest enemy of happy life. So, you should cast off your idleness if any and do some useful and productive work. Adjustment, understanding, co-operation and tolerance are necessary for leading a happy life. So, also love, affection, sympathy and fellow feelings are necessary on your part for making your life happy. Now, I point out a very important thing for keeping a happy life. That is you cannot live happily if your neighbors are unhappy and sad. You cannot enjoy your full meal if a neighbors of your lies in starved condition. Conversely, if you find that your neighbors are happy, happiness will automatically come to your mind. So, my idea of happy life is that one should conduct in such a way and live in such a manner that his neighbors will not suffer in any way on one’s account. you should not hurt them either in mind or in person or in property. Besides, you should sincerely try to alleviate their sorrow. Here lies the true sustenance of one’s happy life. So, you should try to make others happy in order to live happy life for yourself. These are the sum  total of my idea of happy life.

Claude Debussy Essays

Claude Debussy Essays Claude Debussy Paper Claude Debussy Paper although being taught by a violinist. Unwillingly and without hesitance, De Belleville offered Claude lessons on piano, which Claude eagerly accepted. Antoinette Maude Belleville was very overwhelmed with Debussy aspiring talent. Throughout the course of a year, De Belleville trained Debussy vigorously so that Debussy could enter the Conservatoire De Paris, which was (and still Is) a top drawer school for those who are serious on pursuing the career of music or any art for the matter. After a successful audition, on October 22, 1872, Debussy was sequentially admitted in the Conservatoire De Paris. Matt © was so glued onto Debussy and his accomplishments, that Debussy father declared her as Debussy Godmother. Debussy entered the Conservatoire De Paris with a mindset that he was going to major In Plano Performance. Years later, he decided to change his major to interminable years. Debussy studied composition with Ernest Guard, harmony with Emilie Duran, piano with Antoine Francisco Marmoreal, music history and music theory with Louis-Albert Obbligato Discouraged and college with Albert Laving. Throughout his life at the Conservatoire De Paris, Debussy endures many arduous examinations and competitions; some receiving him high marks and comments, others nothing. His first comment was given to him by his piano teacher, Antoine Francisco Marmoreal, on January 13, 1874. The comment was, Charming child, true temperament of an artist; will become a distinguished musician; a great future. Months later, on July, he receives a second honorable mention for playing Chopping Second Piano Concerto. One year later, he receives a first honorable mention in his piano examination; Chopping 1st Ballade is what he played for the examination. On January 16, 1876, Debussy made his first appearance in concert with a local industry brass band. At the concert, which took place in Chauncey, he accompanied Letting Mended in a program filled with operatic excerpts and instrumental pieces. Back in the Conservatoire De Paris, later that year, he receives his a first medal for his excellence in the college examinations. Soon, the year 1877 comes along. It was that year that experiences the expiration of his brother, Eugene, who was less than four years old. The cause of his death was meningitis, a sickness that wouldnt find a cure until many years after. The death of Eugene did not affect Debussy playing and study, for he won second prize in his piano examination, playing Schumann Sonata in G Minor. In 1878, Debussy failed his piano examination. In 1879, Debussy, he was awarded no prizes for his piano and college examinations. Mile Duran says that Debussy a child that is extremely gifted in Harmony, but is desperately careless during school. 1880 was a certainly a year of learning and rebuilding for Claude Debussy. Debussy signed up for an Accompanist class with Augusta Bacilli in 1879 and in 1880, he won first medal on the accompanist examinations. Debussy soon realizes hat he needs to start finding out ways in which he can make ends meet while still attending the Conservatoire De Paris. He later then found two part-time Jobs that lead to an essentially critical part for the formation of his composition career. His first part time Job was to be an accompanist to a choral society named La Concordia. This was proved almost disastrous because, predictably, Debussy decided to never show up to any of La Concordats rehearsals. His other part-time Job was being an accompanist to singer Victorian Mortar-Saints. This part-time Job is the one he favored over the dreadful choral works of La Concordia. During an event with Mortar-Saints, Debussy received an invitation from Menhaden Von Neck. Menhaden Von Neck was an important figure, due to her great friendship and patronage with the genius Photo Lacily Tchaikovsky, whom which Debussy respected and looked Upton as a composer but had very little impact on him and his future works. Von Neck sought out Debussy so that Debussy could accompany Von Neck and her family as an accompanist and a piano teach/tutor. During the three summers that Debussy was with the Von Neck family, Debussy and the Von Neck family traveled many lengths on grand tours all across Europe and even extending to Asia. Debussy traveled to Interlayer in Switzerland, Archon in Russia. Debussy had a short relationship with Sonic Von Neck, Menhaden Von Necks daughter. Although short, Debussy was almost close to marrying Sonic Von Neck, but was then denied after Menhadens refusal, since Sonic Von Neck was in fact only sixteen and too young to marry in Menhadens eyes. This love must have not lasted great lengths; this love was merely on adolescent and could have soon been forgotten n. But eventually, Debussy did find much grander love, and also much older if you will. Although thirteen years to his senior, Debussy fell in love with Bleach Adelaide Evasive. Evasive was everything Debussy every wanted. The color of her eyes were the perfect shade of green, which was Debussy favorite color, and her voice, to him, was heavenly light. And to top it all off, she sung with the voice of a thousand angels. Her hair color was red to brown which Debussy thought was splendid. Evasive was thirty-two and was married to Eugene-Henry Evasive, a man very dedicated to his work as a registrar of buildings. Eugene-Henry Evasive was also extremely wealthy man and only two years to Debussy senior. Although a married woman, Evasive longed for Debussy. Evasive ultimately longed for love, and to her, Debussy could supply that love. Eugene-Henry Evasive could supply her expensive tastes, but not her love and passion for music. Debussy was Evasive unsatisfying craving for an ever so passionate but secretive love. Evasive had a profound impact on Debussy and his compositions. On May 12, 1882, Evasive performed two of Debussy compositions, Less Roses and Fete Gallant, with Debussy as an accompanist. Debussy was truly in love with the only woman or person that have sung his music to date. He would pour out music for her to sing Just so that he can her voice. Evasive was an inspiration for Debussy to write music. From 1881 to 1884, Debussy wrote twenty-three gorgeous compositions. Madame Evasive was the only muse to ever inspire musical feelings. In 1883, Debussy was admitted for the PRI De Rome competition. The PRI De Rome was highly competitive contest for scholarship solely for students of the arts. Disciplines included Architecture, which is what the PRI De Rome was originally intended for, Painting, Sculpture, Engraving and Musical Composition. He was ranked Ruth for his composition Invocation, a work for male voice choir and orchestra based on a text by Alphorns De Almandine. A couple of weeks later, Debussy is admitted for the final competition for the PRI De Rome. Second prize is given Debussy with his cantata to words by Mile Mortar, called Lee Gladiator. Debussy was surely the new of everyone in the PRI De Rome competition. On his first attempt, he was awarded second prize which is a crowning achievement. One year later, Debussy was admitted for the PRI De Rome competition yet again. His composition Lee Printers, a composition for mixed choir and orchestra to words y Jules Barrier, ranked Debussy fourth in the preliminaries. On May 24, 1884, Debussy was admitted for the final competition for the PRI De Rome. It was then that he won the PRI De Rome with Leant Prorogue, a lyrical composition. The PRI De Rome demanded that the first place winner had to stay for three years to study in Rome at the Villa Medici. Debussy was actually quite depressed when he received word that he had become the winner of the PRI De Rome. Debussy despised Rome. At the Villa Medics, along side Paul Vidal (1883 PRI De Rome Winner), Georges Marty and Gabriel Pierre. The first couple months in Rome are depressing for Debussy and he intentionally makes no effort to even being happy. Debussy only wants to leave and be with Evasive. During the years at Villa Medics, he wrote nothing of interest. The most interest he had in Villa Medics was meeting and becoming acquaintances with Franz List. Paul Vidal and Debussy perform Faust-symphony for two pianos for Franz List to hear. List, a couple days later, performs his very own transcription of Schubert Eave Maria and Au board dune source. During his stay at Rome, Debussy would escape to Paris see his love Evasive. Eugene-Henry would be completely unaware of the affair between them, since Eugene-Henry would often be on work leaves and would assume that Debussy would visit to accompany her. After two dreaded years at Rome, he finally convinces the committee of the PRI De Rome and of the Villa Medics to allow him to leave Rome. After returning to Paris, he went to go seek the Vaccines but couldnt. The Evasive shunned Debussy and his decision to leave Rome. With nowhere else to go, he decided to go back to his family in the rue De Berlin. Shortly after his arrival, he found that his father was without a Job. He soon saw that that he had to make of his own living by giving piano lessons and doing hackwork for publishers on occasion. The money made from his pieces that have been published over the next few years like Artistes, Deuce Arabesques, The Petite Suite and more, did not produce enough monetary income to sustain his parents while he was with them momentarily nor did it even sustain him as he moved into a fifth floor apartment at 42 rue De Londoner. Since his return from Rome, Debussy began socializing more and more with symbolist poets, whose work would crucially inspire Debussy own work. Mallard, a poet that Debussy befriended, said that poetry should be transcendental and should strive for the abstraction of music. With this being said, it is to no surprise that Mallards writing is generally regarded as obscure. In 1891, Debussy met one of his soon to be, most loyal friend at the time, composer Erik State, who is famous for his Gymnosperms composition. In spring of 1890, Debussy meets Gabrielle Dupont, daughter of a tailor at Leslies. Gabrielle soon becomes Debussy newfound love. Debussy and Gabby both struggled together, looking for way to make ends meet. The inevitably split and go in different directions, but much praise is given to Gabby. During Debussy time with Gabby, Debussy wrote many masterpieces such as The String Quartet, the Propose Leeriness, Pellets et Melanesian, Prelude a Leapers-midi dun fauna (which is regarded as the first ground breaking piece of modern music), the Nocturnes and much more. It was a wonder how Debussy and Gabby even stayed together for so long! Debussy was with more women that ever during his affair with Gabby! He even proposed and organized a marriage with Theres Roger, a renowned interpreter of Debussy vocal works. He called off the marriage on March 17, 1894. She then fell into a depression, married a divorced engraver four years later, and then died four years later. Gabby soon got fed up with Debussy cheating on her, so she left him in September of 1898. Debussy met his next love during his relationship with Gabby in the spring of 1898. Her name was Rosalie Dexter but was commonly known Lilly. Gabby told Lilly about Debussy threatened to commit suicide if she didnt. They soon got married on October 19, 1899 with Erik State and Lousy as their witnesses. They enjoyed three years of utter happiness. Debussy was able to continue to work on his works such as Pellets, and Stamped and two of the Nocturnes. The Nocturnes would soon be written for Lilly because of their incapability of having children, her abortion, and her tubercular patches on the top of both of her lungs. Debussy had to send poor Lilly away to the Pyroxenes for three to four months. On top of the recent events, Debussy was also in a horrible financial situation. After months at the hospital, Lilly finally came back and in time to hear the premier of Pellets. In 1904, Lilly Debussy attempts suicide by shooting herself. Unsuccessful, her attempted suicide appears all over the news and many friends of Debussy start to draw away. Along with their divorce in 1905, many of Debussy pieces start to become more and more frequently performed. Performances of Masque, La Mere, Lease Joyous, Pellets et Melinda and Trots Melodies De Overlain. Debussy soon meets Emma Abroad, the mother of a pupil of his. They had a wonderful time together as their loved sparked more and more. During this time, around October, Lilly decided that she could not live through another anniversary, so she killed herself publicly. In 1905, Debussy started thinking about children more often. Emma, a woman who was still not married to Debussy yet, was an astonishing seven months pregnant. Now that his old professor bought a piece from Debussy, called La Mere, Debussy was receiving much royalties and had more time on his hands to compose music. Debussy started composing Childrens Corner Suite, a gorgeous six movement suite, for his impending daughter. Then, ever so promptly, Claude-Emma Debussy was born on October 30, 1905. Both Emma and Debussy were both flourishing financially and their relationship was without flaw. In 1908 Childrens Corner Suite was finished and dedicated completely to Claude-Emma, or better known as Couch. Childrens Corner Suite was inspired by toy animals and childhood memories for Couch to remember as she gets older. But the good times most certainly dont last forever, especially in Clauses life. Sigmund Abroad, Enemas ex-husband, failed to pay his alimony payments and have to be pursued and put into court. Also, on Enemas Uncles will, only to her displeasure, only left Emma 5000 francs, which is essentially nothing. Debussy had to resort to going on the road to conduct his own works to raise up some money. Lonely, toothsome trips to London, Vienna, Amsterdam, Budapest, Moscow, SST. Petersburg, Turin, Rome, The Hogue and Brussels from this moment to the time of his death. This made relationships with Emma more complicated and she even mailed a lawyer about a possible separation, but she endured and stuck with him. Debussy was major in debt and him nor could his family even afford a happy holiday in the year 1912 and 1913. Over the next five years, his life became worse and worse. He started getting thinner and weaker and paler. On March 1917, he finished his Violin Sonata, which was the last piece he ever rote before staying in bed for the last year of his life. One year later, during his last days, he was relieved by his dearest friend Vines, who would come to play him his so much pleasure like a cigarette, is the one thing that surely helped kill him. Claude Achilles Debussy died Monday, March 25th, 1918, due to Collateral Cancer. Couch only outlived her father by a mere year, due to the Diphtheria epidemic of 1919 when a doctor gave her a wrong treatment. Claude Debussy was an influence not only to pianists, but to composers and musicians of all genres. Debussy may have been a bastard of love, but a genius of music.

Budget Cuts & War essays

Budget Cuts & War essays In the article, Rally at CSUN, students in California State University, Northridge are protesting for budget cuts and the war in Iraq. The thesis statement is to fight for the students education by protesting millions of dollars in planned state budget cuts because it is summarizing the main point of the article. It summarizes the whole article in one sentence. The article is arguing that the budget cuts are increasing the students fees and the students should protest about it. The first premise in the article is that the system raised the student fees by ten percent to cope with the cuts. Another premise is that the students would want an affordable higher education. The conclusion is in the third paragraph. Actor Ed Asner explains how the students should speak up if they do not want an increase in their student fees. So having a rally protesting the budget cuts would convince the governor to stop the cuts and while doing that they decide to protest about the war in Iraq. The article includes a fallacious argument that is a false analogy. It is located in the last paragraph, The nation will go into debt to destroy lives and people on the other side of the world while here at home we face a financial disaster. It is a false analogy because we are having problems over here while the nation is having problems with debt. It compares two things, and they also share certain characteristics. There has been budget cuts for community colleges as well and it has been bugging me that if it passes then I will not be able to transfer in the fall due to the cuts of classes for the summer semester. This is also a problem for many students out there. Students will not be able to finish or transfer as planned and save money for the increased student fees. Many students are also concerned with the war going on so why not protest about that too. ...

America’s Greatest Challenge in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free (#21)

America’s Greatest Challenge in the 21st Century Essay Throughout the 21st century, United States of America has been plagued by so many crisis and challenges that put the integrity and strength of its government on test. But perhaps the most harrowing ordeal the country has ever experienced was the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 which claimed more than two thousand lives, mostly innocent civilians. United States has considered terrorism, coupled with nuclear threats, its greatest challenge ever. Organized terrorists from hostile nations target America. Since the nation is very superior in conventional warfare compared to its adversaries, terrorists deviate from non-conventional warfare and resort to nuclear terrorism. Technology is helping these criminals to undertake their evil scheme. In nuclear terrorism, the terrorist use nuclear weapons, including radiological weapons, to cause massive destructions to humanity to attain their political or religious ideals. Terrorists pose great threats by utilizing or exploiting nuclear in a number of ways: 1) They can attack nuclear facilities for the purpose of melting down the nuclear reactor and releasing the toxic substance inside.  The power plant will cause radioactive contamination and will result into great casualties. Such incident my equal or exceed the catastrophe brought by the Chernobyl in 1986. 2) They can create dirty bomb which is loaded with radioactive materials and a conventional explosive. Upon detonation, it releases radioactive and highly poisonous particles in the air. Terrorists find this appealing since it is very successful in instilling fear and panic. Further, its contaminating effect is long-lasting. 3) They can create improvised nuclear device (IND). This bomb uses low-grade nuclear substance but the effect is still devastating. ) They can buy ready-made nuclear weapons in the black market. This way, all they have to do is read the manual, set the weapon and detonate it. Presto! Hundreds of civilians lie lifeless on the street. 5) They can create a full- blown nuclear bomb. This may not be highly probable, but it is still possible. Organized terrorists, including those who are supported by the hostile nations, have the technology, money and capability to design and fabricate a nuclear bomb. The danger is very clear: the spectre of nuclear attack on the American soil looms and it is getting clearer each day. Wrong hands are holding nuclear weapons; the wrong hands who desire nothing but to kill Americans and destroy American power. America is a powerful and rich country. It can easily build a nuclear weapon and bomb those nations who cuddle terrorists. † Fight fire with fire. † However, that is easier said than done. There are several and less violent, yet effective, ways for America to fight nuclear terrorism. First, all nuclear weapons, materials and facilities must be secured and well-protected. This way, it prevents any plan of the terrorists to attack, sabotage or steal these things. This includes the intensive drive of the government to eliminate or confiscate all nuclear weapons and materials held by unauthorized individuals and arrest anybody who is caught selling these deadly things. Second, stiff sanction must be imposed to any nation or country that sponsor any act of terrorism. America should be firm with this one. Without any sponsor and a base, terrorism and terrorist will surely cease to prosper. Third, investigating and counter-terrorism tools must be upgraded to match the sophistication of terrorists. Aside from that, the agencies must not keep the reports to themselves. They must share information not to the public but with the other agencies. They must have transparency to compare notes and information. Lastly, the American citizens must be educated about all kinds of terrorism. Information drive should be conducted. If possible, civilians should be given authority to make an arrest if necessary. This way, ordinary citizen can help distinguish any terrorism even before the act is committed. With knowledgeable civilians around, detection of terrorism will not be limited to the authority alone; thus the long arm of the law is made even longer and prevention rate of terrorism will be much higher. America’s Greatest Challenge in the 21st Century. (2016, Sep 25).

High School Student Obesity and Fitnessgram Assessments Essay

High School Student Obesity and Fitnessgram Assessments - Essay Example 6). At present, one in six children in America between 6 and 17 years of age are obese because of lack of sufficient amount of physical exercise (American Psychological Association, 2011). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), 33.8 percent of the American population is obese while the number of obese children between 2 to 19 years old is 12.5 million which shows that 17 percent of the total population of children in United States is obese. According to Miller (2004), childhood obesity is a very serious medical disease that decreases the life of its victims by 5 to 20 years. It is due to this reason that childhood obesity has become a serious issue for almost every country just like the issues of sustainable economic development and global warming. A decrease of 5 to 20 years in the life of a person is something that should be taken seriously. â€Å"In older adults, obesity exacerbates declines in physical performance, leads to frailty, impaired quality of life, and increases the nursing home admissions† (Villareal as cited in Dryden, 2011, para. 4). An important fact to consider is that childhood obesity also affects emotions of children along with physical health (Marcus & Baron, n.d.). For example, overweight children are often made fun of by their peers. Overweight children remain behind in competitions because they do not feel comfortable facing their peers who make fun of them. Moreover, they also get comparatively poor grades in exams because of less interaction with peers and teachers. Some children even become socially excluded. These negative marks on the psychology of a child become more alarming as time passes, and the child becomes completely unable to interact properly with the society as a responsible adult. Lack of physical exercises significantly contributes to obesity in children. Obesity is a problem that occurs because of excessive amount of fat stored in the body.

Ethnography and Analysis of a Musical Performance Essay

Ethnography and Analysis of a Musical Performance - Essay Example Like the typical vocal system of metal bands, the vocal harmony was existent and the final sound resembled to a feminine voice even though all the performers were male. The loudness of the voice was extreme to add excitement to the atmosphere of the concert. The performances were certainly high pitched. This paper puts the spotlight on the indispensible role of music as a way of promoting intercultural relationships between the citizens and nations of the world. Analyzing an event gathering musicians from two continents clarifies the function of music as a way of supporting Internationalism and solidarity between all the people of the world. This paper aims to defend music's role as a melting pot of different cultures rather than an enemy of the authenticity of different cultures. An ideology is known to be a group of ideas, values or conceptions to which agree a large amount of people. Different ideologies often come into conflict with each other. Globalization aims to help differen t cultures coexist by promoting cultural exchange between different civilizations. Music, being a cultural activity that is tightly connected to identity, plays a very important role in helping the world overcome civilization related conflicts by proving that the 'global' is more important than the 'national'. The event took place in order to celebrate Halloween. That occasion motivating the creation is a universal celebrating. Music, being attached to festive atmospheres, spread the feeling of unity between the elements of a given culture. However, in this multinational event music's role extends to cover assuring cooperation between various cultures. Like any event gathering artists from different areas of the world, one of the main purposes of this concert is to give the performing artists the chance to discover eachother's music techniques and to possibly experiment mixing with these genres. The Venue of the concert was in MAO Club. The general atmosphere that reigned in Beijing throughout of the performance was the typical atmosphere expected from a metal festival in any place in the world. The overall atmosphere was unconventional, wild and quite extreme, "The strong stimulating beats, the coarse, rough loud vocal delivery, the wild singing of nonsense syllables, and the music's direct, unrestrained and liberating quality" (Taylor,2007: 33). The concert being held in China means logically that the biggest part of its attendance was of Chinese natives. The Chinese audience however grasped that western form of music and fully interacted to it proving that music has no nationality. In the twentieth century, the revolution in means of communication introduced to the Chinese people the various musical techniques of Western music and the new ideas of the entertainment business. This led consequently to the creation of some sort of "star system" in China at least in big citie s. The public was then introduced to means such as "mass-circulation newspaper and glossy magazines, movies, radio and the phonograph" (Gunde, 2002: 96) helping to create a mass popular commercial culture. Nowadays, Chinese youth finds in that genre of music their individuality as they let down their hair and dance along to the music with their friends and enjoy this feeling of freedom. In addition to that, the three opening acts were Asian bands that felt that western

Counseling Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Counseling - Annotated Bibliography Example It discusses and explains how counseling professionals are using this new technology to advance their career. In the journal, the professionals are taking advantage of the web and advertising their offices and the services they  offer. Only a few counselors are  counsel  through the web. Cabaniss, K. discusses how with technology, the counselor  education  has improved and enhanced multiplication of counselors. However, he states that the growth of the  industry  further  inhibited by the limited amount of information on counseling. The  journal  thus  talks on the urgency of counseling  literature  to be made available in the internet. This journal discusses the obstacles that the middle aged kids and their families in their efforts to  support  their children in  development  and achievements of their  academic  goals. It also discusses the outreach programs that can be embraced to help  fight  these limitations. Chang, T. &. Chang, R.; (2004). Counseling and the Internet:Asian American and Asian International college students’ attitudes toward seeking online professional psychological help. Journal of College Counseling , 140-149. Chang T, in this article, explains the notion that foreign students have towards seeking online  help  once they  get  to America. Because of the adjustment issues,  culture  shocks and other  general  obstacles they face, many seek psychological help. The article reviews the  opinion  the students  have  against online  psychological  help. In this article, it displays evidence that technological counselor education been embraced. The students who benefit from it  have  certain  attitudes and opinions towards the  new  era  technology has brought. Some embrace it while others evidently prefer the traditional methods. The journal is about internet applications and how they  promote  counseling. Sampson believes that counselor’s jobs been made easier in this era of World Wide Web (WWW)

Animation film of Madagascar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Animation film of Madagascar - Essay Example According to most producers and directors, it takes 3-5 years to come up with a well-furnished animated film. The first step in the making process of an animated movie is writing a script. Concept is the key factor in this step. In the script, writers, producers and directors mix their original ideas with ideas inspired by a wide range of sources that include comic strips and children’s book. A script is then written once the writers, producers and directors settle on an idea. The second phase is passing the already made script to the storyboard artistes. Storyboard artistes imagine how the words in the script would translate into pictures and actions by making a series of sketches in the form of a comic book with an aim of not only telling the story but also bringing the story to life. The drawings are then digitally photographed and strung together to create a story reel (a flipbook that allows you to see how drawings flow together) upon the approval of the producers and directors of Madagascar concerning the series of sketches. The story reel is then combined with temporary sound, music and dialogue and the producers and directors work with this combination for about eighteen months. The next step is planning the look of the Madagascar film, which is done by the department of visual development. The visual development department develops the overall artistic technique to each succession, tone, style and color. This stage also marks the designing of everything ranging from the key characters to the smallest of props by employing multiple paintings, blueprints, sculptures, drawings and models. The end product at this stage is the design of characters and a fantasy world to tell the story, courtesy of development artistes. The features of Madagascar film are produced in stereoscopic 3D.This new visual format offers an outstanding experience that is similar to the color advent and later, sound in the history of cinema. This advanced technology has

Why are people scared and why people dont want to go to doctors Research Paper

Why are people scared and why people dont want to go to doctors - Research Paper Example Regardless of the disease, timely diagnosis and treatment are vital to achieve the desired health outcomes (Storla, Yimer & Bjune 15). More often than not, the map of the problem looks as if patients have some inherent emotional or mental disorder that prevents them visiting their physicians on time. In reality, the situation is quite different, and it is not patients’ fault that they cannot reach the doctor on time. It is because of problems with medical care, failure to provide safe and painless medical manipulations, and speak with patients adequately and comprehensively that individuals develop the fear of medicine and refuse to visit their physicians on time. To begin with, the quality of medical care by itself becomes a serious barrier to accessing and using health care. Modern life is very active and people prefer to turn to their urgent responsibilities than to sit and wait until the doctor is free to receive the next patient. Patients do not want to go to doctors, because they expect they will need to wait hours, before they get to the needed specialist. Waiting times remain a serious problem in today’s health care, and few patients are willing to spend hours in the waiting line. As a result some patients fail to visit a doctor even after spending much time near his room, because the doctor has to go home as his working day is over. This situation is not acceptable at all and serious measures should be taken. â€Å"Time spent waiting is a resource investment by the patient for the desired goal of being seen by the physician and therefore may be moderated by the outcome† (Anderson, Camacho & Balkrishnan 31). However, how much is much and how much is enough to sit waiting for the physician? It is like waiting for hours in the Hopkins Gynecology Clinic: â€Å"The public wards at Hopkins were filled with patients, most of them black and

HRM Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

HRM Innovation and Change - Essay Example The chapter elaborates that the traditional role of managers were confined to the well defined parameters of organization’s goals and management guidelines. Leadership, on the other hand, basically refers to people who have the capacity to bring about changes in other people. Indeed, leaders create visions and goals whereas the managers and administrators work towards achieving them. Hence, in the contemporary environment competitive business, managerial leadership has become the need of the hour. The examples of the dynamic leadership of Leahy of Tesco and O’Leary of Ryanair illustrates that to develop effectiveness in strategic change, flexible approach to managerial leadership that is more labor friendly needs to be adopted. It should also believe in developing joint goals and objectives that are mutually beneficial, thus fostering mutual beliefs and better understanding of each others value system. Project can broadly be defined as a specific time bound work with specific objectives and goals; budget; and resources. I believe that the successful completion of project therefore, requires teamwork that is defined by shared leadership. Leadership helps to promote smooth functioning of the various processes within the parameters of project goals. The cut throat business environment demands dynamic leadership who strives to create value based mission and inculcates confidence amongst the various stakeholders. Indeed, the project management helps provide the tools to achieve project goals through well planned strategy. At the same time, the managerial leadership would not only facilitate an intangible stability among the team members but also provide impetus for improved performance that result in efficient and time bound completion of the

Why are people scared and why people dont want to go to doctors Research Paper

Why are people scared and why people dont want to go to doctors - Research Paper Example Regardless of the disease, timely diagnosis and treatment are vital to achieve the desired health outcomes (Storla, Yimer & Bjune 15). More often than not, the map of the problem looks as if patients have some inherent emotional or mental disorder that prevents them visiting their physicians on time. In reality, the situation is quite different, and it is not patients’ fault that they cannot reach the doctor on time. It is because of problems with medical care, failure to provide safe and painless medical manipulations, and speak with patients adequately and comprehensively that individuals develop the fear of medicine and refuse to visit their physicians on time. To begin with, the quality of medical care by itself becomes a serious barrier to accessing and using health care. Modern life is very active and people prefer to turn to their urgent responsibilities than to sit and wait until the doctor is free to receive the next patient. Patients do not want to go to doctors, because they expect they will need to wait hours, before they get to the needed specialist. Waiting times remain a serious problem in today’s health care, and few patients are willing to spend hours in the waiting line. As a result some patients fail to visit a doctor even after spending much time near his room, because the doctor has to go home as his working day is over. This situation is not acceptable at all and serious measures should be taken. â€Å"Time spent waiting is a resource investment by the patient for the desired goal of being seen by the physician and therefore may be moderated by the outcome† (Anderson, Camacho & Balkrishnan 31). However, how much is much and how much is enough to sit waiting for the physician? It is like waiting for hours in the Hopkins Gynecology Clinic: â€Å"The public wards at Hopkins were filled with patients, most of them black and

John Locke ideas Essay Example for Free

John Locke ideas Essay How did ideas of Lockes Social Contract influence the Declaration of Independence? John Locke’s ideas influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence by the discussion of equal rights, purpose of the government, and what the people should do to an abusive government. Both in the Declaration of Independence and in the Social Contract John Locke, they list that men should have equal rights. Also they both state the purpose of having a government. Lastly, they say what the people should do if the government does not protect these rights. In the Social Contract by John Locke and in the Declaration of Independence they state that men have rights. In the Social Contract it says â€Å"Men have rights by their nature†¦ We give up our right to ourselves exact [revenge] for crimes in return for [nonjudgmental] justice backed by overwhelming force. We retain the right to life and liberty, and gain the right to just, impartial protection of our property. † Just as in the Declaration of Independence it says â€Å"We hold these truths to be [obvious], that all men are created equal, that they are [entitled] by their Creator with certain [mandatory] Rights, that among these Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. † Therefore the Declaration of Independence got the idea Life, Liberty, and pursuit happiness from the Social Contract. Another idea both the Social Contract and Declaration of Independence have in common is the purpose of the government. John Locke’s Social Contracts States â€Å". Society creates order and grants the state its [purpose] The only role of the state is to ensure that justice is seen to be done† Corresponding to what the Declaration of Independence states â€Å"That to [protect] these rights, Government are [created] [by] Men, [coming] [from] their [own] powers from the [permission] of the [people]. † These writings both mean that the government has a duty to protect the rights of the people. The last thing John Locke did to influence the Declaration of Independence is he created the idea of what the citizens should do to abusive governments. â€Å"If a ruler seeks absolute power, if the acts both as judge and participant in disputes, he puts himself in a state of ear with his subjects and we have the right and the duty to kill such rulers and their servants. † this was the idea in John Lockes Social Contract. This is very similar to what the Declaration of Independence, which says â€Å"That whenever any Form of government becomes destructive of these [rights], it is the Right of the People to [change] or to [get] [rid] [of] [it], and to [create] [a] new Government†. Both of these mean that if the government does not protect the rights of the people, the people can overthrow the government. How did ideas of Lockes Social Contract influence the Declaration of Independence? John Locke’s ideas influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence by the discussion of equal rights, purpose of the government, and what the people should do to an abusive government Men have equal rights is both stated in John Locke’s Social Contract and in the Declaration of Independence. Also they share the purpose of what the government should do. Lastly, they share the responsibilities of what the people should do in a abusive government.

The New Brutalist Architecture Anthropology Essay

The New Brutalist Architecture Anthropology Essay New Brutalist architecture is the outcome of a British architectural ethic named New Brutalism. According to Peter and Alice Smithson, the term was coined from a newspaper paragraph heading which, by poor translation of French, called the Marseilles Unità © by Le Corbusier Brutalism in architecture[1]. The Smithsons anointed their own British brand of Modernism by adding New both because they came after Le Corbusier and also in response to the style of the Architectural Review which at the start of the 1950s sunned many articles on the New Monumentality, the New Empiricism, the New Sentimentality etc.[2] Thus, New Brutalism was set to up be the direct line development of the Modern Movement. According to Banham (1966), whilst the terms Brutalism and New Brutalism are often used interchangeably, it is important to distinguish the meanings of the two terms as this paper will be focusing on the latter. Brutalism, though a British term, refers to an architectural aesthetic that is characterised by sticking repetitive angular geometries, and where concrete is used. A building without concrete can achieve a Brutalist character through a rough blocky appearance, and the expression of its structural materials, forms and services on its exterior. Another common theme is the exposure of the buildings functions in the exterior of the building. Banham (1966) summarises the key characteristics of Brutalist architecture as formal legibility of plan, clear exhibition of structure, direct and honest use of materials and clear exhibition of services. Thus, Brutalism casts back in time to include Le Corbusier as one of its important contributors. On the other hand, New Brutalism was coined before any New Brutalist architecture was built. It is an ethic, not aesthetic and is associated with socialist utopian ideology supported by Peter and Alison Smithson and the Team 10 group of architects amongst which they belonged. It is more related to the theoretical reform in urban theory proposed by CIAM than to bà ©ton brut. Thus, having originated from entirely different, organic theoretical doctrines, the British brand of Brutalism has considerable differences to Brutalist architecture from the continent. New Brutalism was born in the post-war era, almost exclusively in the Architects Department of the London County Council (LCC) the only place where young graduated architects such as Peter and Alison Smithson and many   from the Architectural Association school (AA) could find work in London. Many architects who have returned from the world had fought to make the world safe but the economic terms of the price of victory was heavy and the country faced long periods of austerity resulting in shortages, a shortfall in housing and social services. It was a time of benevolent socialism and commitment to the welfare state following the election of the Labour Government in 1945. The government had assumed responsibility for the welfare of the people in a way that would have been unthinkable in the 1930s.[3] Many houses of the working class poor that were in the centre of large industrial cities such as London, Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham have been destroyed. In London, Abercromb ie and Forshaw published the County of London Plan which described the challenge faced by the government. The report recognised that there is abundant evidence that for families with children, houses are preferred to flats. They provide a private garden and yard at the same level as the main rooms of the dwelling, and fit the English temperament.[4] But, to put everyone in houses would result in the displacement of two-thirds to three-quarters of the people. The planners wished to minimise the out-movement of jobs. They settled on 136 persons per acre which based on the research they did put one third of the people in houses, and some 60 per cent in eight- and ten- storey flats; about half of families with two children will go into flats, but even this density meant the overspill of 4 in 10 of all people living in this zone in 1939. Furthermore, there was the sense of lesprit nouveau of making a fresh start after the cleansing effect of the war. The London architectural debate was fractionized; largely between the student generation and practicing establishment architects. The Establishment architects tended towards Socialist political alignment, with the welfare state architecture of Sweden as the architectural paradigm. For the whole generation of graduating architects from the AA were strongly influenced by the ideas of Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe; the Ville Radieuse and the Unità © dHabitation suggested a model to be applied by good hard socialist principles in good hard modernist materials.[5] They felt the Establishment architects were tending towards what they saw as a softer and more humanist Modernism, a retreat from the pre-war, heroic form of Modernism[6]. The Architects Department at the LCC provided a model in the early years; it had an unusually free hand, because the Ministrys ordinary co st sanctions did not apply to it[7]. It first produced the great Corbusian slabs which culminated in the only true realisation of the Radiant City in the world the Alton West estate in Roehampton[8]. The New Brutalists concept of order is not classical but topological: its implementation on a site could have involved judging the case on its merits (i.e. land form, accommodation required, finance available) rather than in accordance with a pre-established classical or picturesque schema.[9] Thus, they distinguish themselves from the earlier Brutalists such as Le Corbusier who proposed in his 1925 Plan Voisin to bulldoze most of central Paris north of the Seine in order to replace it with a hard of identical sixty-story towers. The Swiss architect was working in an inter-war Paris of exuberant, chaotic and often sordid everyday life[10] when the city was racked by disease and slums. He believed in centralising order (The design of cities was too important to be left to citizens[11]). His plans always relied on his famous paradox: we must decongest the centres of our cities by increasing their density; in addition, we must improve circulation and increase the amount of open space. T he paradox could be resolved by building high on a small part of total ground area[12]. This vision required clearing entire sites (WE MUST BUILD ON A CLEAR SITE! The city of today is dying because it is not constructed geometrically[13]). In war-torn London, the New Brutalists had the luxury of bomb-cleared sites but they also had a greater awareness for the historical fabric of the place-the designers of the Barbican estate built around St Giles church which survived the bombing and designers of Park Hill in Sheffield preserved old street names from the slum for their elevated walkways. Le Corbusier developed his principles of planning most fully in La Ville Contemporaine (1922) and La Ville Radieuse(1932). The plans differed in their recommendation for social distribution. The Contemporary Citys clearly differentiated spatial structure was designed to reflect a specific, segregated social structure: ones dwelling depended on ones job[14]. The residential areas would be of two types: six-storey luxury apartments for professional white collar workers (e.g. industrialists, scientists and artisits), and more modest accommodation for workers, built around courtyards, with less open space. These apartments would be mass-produced for mass-living. The apartments would all be uniform, contain standard furniture and be collectively serviced much like a hotel. Le Corbusier also designed entertainment and cultural complexes close to the middle-class in the centre of the city. The blue collar workers would not live like this. They would live in garden apartments within satellit e units. A different and appropriate sort of green space, sports facilities and entertainments would be available for these residents. Many aspects of New Brutalist architecture echo ideas from the Contemporary City. Income segregation has been practiced to different extents; the Barbican estates apartments vary between elaborate and fashionable layouts on the affluent south side (where the tenants were mainly city workers) and simpler layouts and designs on north side where social housing is concentrated[15]. Furthermore, whole out of town social housing estates such as Thamesmead have been built to resemble Le Corbusiers satellite units. By the time of the Radiant City, though the tenets of the Corbusian religion remained unchanged, there were important theological variations.   Everyone will be equally collectivised and live in giant apartments called Unità ©s. Every family will get an apartment not according to the breadwinners job, but according to rigid space norms: no one will get anything more or less than the minimum necessary for efficient existence. Everyone will enjoy collective services such as cooking, cleaning and childcare. Similarly, New Brutalist architects have tried to logically work from basic human needs in order to distinguish the necessary from the unnecessary and thereby simplifying existing architectural conventions to create an efficient living or working space[16]. However, rarely have they attempted to create truly mixed-income neighbourhoods, having concentrated on social housing estates. Although the recent redevelopment of Park Hill estate in Sheffied is mixing affordable and commerci al residential housing in the Brutalist estate, it cannot be said that mixed-income communities were a tenet of New Brutalism. Brutalist architecture quickly became the official architecture of the Welfare State. Criticisms of its severe problems took a very long time to come. In order to see why, it is important to appreciate how bad were the original dense rows of smoke-blackened slums that the towers replaced. Six years of war had reduced those parts of London and the great provincial cities to a sinister squalor. For two decades, any social disbenefits of modernist planning and its transformation of the town passed largely unremarked[17]. Criticisms rapidly became deafening in the 1970s after the subsidy system had been recast and local authorities were already phasing out their high-rise blocks. Though the outburst was triggered by the collapse of a building in a gas explosion, the majority of the complaints were eloquently summarised by Kenneth Campbell, who was in charge of housing design at the LCC and GLC from 1959 to 1974, to be the lifts (too few, too small, too slow), the children (too many), and the management (too little)[18]. Most importantly, critics like to point out that the true cause of all such problems, of which Corbusier is a fully culpable as any of his followers, was that the middle-class designers had no real feeling for the way a working-class family lived[19]; in their world [children] are not hanging around the landing or playing with the dustbin lids[20]. Chapter Two Dreams v Reality Inside the Minds of Brutalist Architects The sin of Corbusier and the Corbusians thus lay not in their designs, but in the mindless arrogance whereby they were imposed on people who could not take them and could never, given a modicum of thought, ever have been expected to take them[21] Corbusian Brutalism and New Brutalism suffered very much similar design failures, and the two have often been combined or confused in ridicule. However, this chapter points out that New Brutalism should not be indiscriminately blamed for deigning solely for the ideals of the middle-class, or that the designers similarly imposed the designs upon such unwitting residents without considering their social-economic needs and lifestyle. With ambition for a new approach to modernist architecture, the New Brutalists sought to exploit the low cost and pragmatism of mass produced materials and pre-fabricated components[22], mixing uses instead of segregation (as in Le Corbusiers design of La Ville Radieuse), designing specific to location and purpose and to use their signature elevated walkways which they named streets in the air. A satisfactory analysis of the architecture would evaluate the performance of such design features one by one, in essence performing an autopsy and separating the healthy organs, from the moderately healthy and the failed. After the procedure is over the pathologist may wonder why certain failed organs were designed in a way that may have been responsible for putting them in the line of trouble. To understand this we will look at what the architects were trying to achieve and the sources that influenced them. Peter and Alice Smithson wished to achieve the Virgilian dream the peace of the countryside enjoyed with the self-consciousness of the city dweller into the notion of the city itself[23]. Thus, unlike Ebenezer Howard who created the garden cities to combine the benefits of the countryside with the utility of city services, the Smithsons wished to take the garden city back into the city. They sought control and calm as key qualities in the modern city. They were also inspired by the flood of new consumer technologies and advertising. The Smithsons felt Le Corbusier was the first to put together the world of popular and fine arts towards the end of his life in Unità © dHabitation in Marseilles. They felt he viewed historic art possibly the classical origins of heroic architectural principles not as a stylistic source but as a pattern of organisation, and a source of social reform and technological revolution[24]. The Smithsons themselves recognised that advertising was making a bigger contribution to the visual climate of the 1950s than any of the fine arts. Advertising was selling products as a natural accessory to life and is packed with information for the average man it had taken over from fine art as the definition of what is fine and desirable by society. They recognised that the mass produced consumer goods had revolutionised the house without the intervention of the architect. However, they also felt that pre-fabricated buildings built for utility and not aesthetics (e.g. schools and garages) have adapted to the built environment a lot better to the existing built environment than buildings designed by fine art architects. Thus, in context of the desire to create calm and safe dwellings for the city dweller, architectural should be developed for the machine-served city. As with the majority of architects of their age, the Smithsons were profoundly influenced by the architecture of Mies van der Rohe. The Smithsons in particular stated that they were profoundly changed by two of Rohes themes: 1. To make a thing well is not only a moral imperative, but it is also the absolute base of the pleasure of use 2. The machine-calm city. No rhetoric, just ordering of elements to effect a gentle, live, equipoise ordinary quality. Neoclassicism.[25] The first point touches on the material aspect of Rohes love for perfection of detail and the use of the finest quality of materials, with the greatest care. The Smithsons felt Rohe had a special feeling for materials as luxury the observer is made aware of the essence of each material[26] Interestingly, this focus on the existential qualities of concrete and the keenness to use the material for its physical characteristic has enjoyed a recent revival in architecture. Conversely, there is debate with regards to the reason why the Smithsons and the Modernist architects before 1980s used the material so liberally. Sarah Williams Goldhagen believed that the Smithson did employ concrete for its physical properties whereas Adrian Forty argues that such conclusions are misguided in part because the Smithsons themselves tried to appeal to a later audience by discussing their earlier works in a new light in their publications. Forty believes that the Modernist architects of per-1980s were p rimarily interested in the form of their structures; further that in the ordinariness of their forms and the unremarkable, smooth and grey expanse of concrete they sought to achieve an abstract formlessness, as if literally urging the structure to disappear with irrelevance. Thus, concrete was not chosen because it was concrete, but rather because it had the properties the architects desired. The latter explanation seems to be the case of the Smithsons in 1974 when they wrote that many old cities the feeling of control is derived from the repetition of the use of materials on every roof, the roofs having been built at the same pitch, with similar roof lights etc. This suggests that perhaps the repeated use of concrete in so many parts of the building was not motivated by its suitability but by the need to repeat and extend control. The Smithsons were keen for their repetition of elements to seem to derive from the intention of the whole, rather than seeming to have been designed as one separate entity which is then repeated. They found that a repetition with subtle differences used by Rohe in creating a large at-the-whole-community-scale central open space was life-including[27]. They also felt that a building is more interesting if it is more than itself if it changes the space around it with connective possibilities but by a quietness that until now our sensibilities could not recognise as architecture at all. They felt a sense of wellbeing can be found if the built-form and the counterpart space are locked together[28]. The recognition that a building is not alone, that it exerts an influence on its surroundings and needs to interact with it to be successful seems now far off from the emphasis of todays planning policies for high quality, inclusive design which should integrate into existing urban form and the natural and built environments[29]. However, what sounded similar is very different in practice as we can see in Robin Hood Gardens, a project by the Smithsons where they consciously incorporated their vision of inclusive design. We can see that the buildings were definitely designed with the central space in mind they are even curved according to the landscape features. However, the estate does not integrate with buildings of the surrounding areas very well in terms of scale or layout. Critics state that it failed to come to terms that existing spatial fabrics held memory and value[30]. People adapt slowly to change a building that nods to the original fabric will aid the adaptation process . This design fails to be inclusive for the surrounding areas that are outside the architects control and thus does not fall into the broader scope of todays standard of good design. However, an earlier project by the Smithsons was a widely held success for integrating well within and introducing variations to the City of London. This was the Economist Plaza which was completed in 1964. A group of three office towers built on a picturesque piazza to allow pedestrian movement independent of the road system with street level access to services and shops, it broke the London tradition of the closed block, and may be considered the precursor of later office developments such as Broadgate[31]. However, its success was also attributed to restraint that was sensitive to context, by the use of stone instead of concrete to assimilate choice of material of older buildings nearby, and designing on the basis of an ancient Greek acropolis plan to maintain with the scale and governing lines of tr adition-bound St Jeremys Street. The successful features of this project also marked a retreat from Brutalism to the restrained Classicism of Mies van der Rohe[32]. The Economist Plaza is an example of how the Smithsons usually go about the designing process they conducted length research into the working practices of the journalists of the Economist magazine in order to create the most efficient structure. Their aim was for their buildings to be specific to their location and purpose[33]. They also took inspiration from the works of others. At the time when the Smithsons were compiling their entry to the Golden Lane housing competition between 1951 and 1953, they had contact with the Hendersons who were conducting social studies in the East End of London. This steered their reading of the city towards a form which reflected the structure of human association. This led to their radical suggestion that the street and housing blocks might multiply in a random and biological way to form a network overlaid on the existing city in a way reminiscent of molecular patterns or fractals. Thus, the topography or the context of a specific site would mould the disposition of the project. The idea of a network is based on the Smithsons belief that a community cannot be created by geographic isolation which, they feel, was the mistake made by English neighbourhood planning (through grouping around an infant school, community centre or group of shops), and the Unità © concept of Le Corbusier[34]. They aspire to aid social cohesion through the looseness of grouping and ease of communication. They felt the quintessential role of the planner is to create a sense of place by encouraging the creation of non-arbitrary groupings and effective communication, making possible groupings based on the family, street, district, region and city apparent. To maintain the looseness of grouping and the ease of communication, density must increase as population increases. The Smithsons believed that we must build high to avoid eating up farmland and creating congestion and increasing travel time on the roads. The architects recognised that high-rise living led to problems such as deprivation of outdoor life, the ineffectiveness of vertical communication, and difficulty in forming friendships for the lack of horizontal communication at the same level[35]. And so they proposed an ambitions vision of a multi-layered, city, leaving on the ground the support networks such as freight and utilities. In large cities, such things as light industries, workshops, clinics, shopping centres and small hotels could easily be located on raised levels: integrated with the deck-dwelling pattern the hope is that the advantage of close physical proximity will draw people to the clearly different districts of the city cause an urban revival a new city in which the home will be very much the centre of all activities[36]. The council house in the UK should be capable of being put together with others in a similar sort, so as to form bigger and equally comprehensive elements which can be added to existing villages and towns in such a way as to revitalise the traditional hierarchies, and not destroy them. The architects felt that building imitation market towns both inside and outside cities deny them the right to be urban forms because they do not engage with the pre-existing community to which they have been attached. The architects were also interested in achieving clarity between private and public space, much like Le Corbusiers Unità © which preserved the individual in seclusion while giving expression to the communal life and faith of the Order with a double-height collective space, and links through the balconies with the world outside. The interior street provides an enclosed world of neighbours whilst the shopping arcade and the roof space belong to and give expression to the total community.[37] The Smithsons were keen to preserve this divide: From the moment the man or child steps outside his dwelling our responsibility starts for the individual has not got the control over his extended environment that he has over his house[38].     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Smithsons entry for Golden Lane failed but their design laid the foundations for the development of streets in the air. The streets in the air are a reinterpretation of East End bye-law streets because the Smithsons saw that such traditional streets in the East End function well as a main public forum for communication, as a playground for children and provide open space for public gatherings and large scale sociability in working class Britain. To fulfil these functions in a Brutalist apartment block, Le Corbusiers rue intà ©rieure-the double-loaded, long, dark corridor on the inside of the building will need to be moved to the exterior. They will be 12 foot wide, continuous and reach every part of the development. At Park Hill estate, Sheffied, the architects even made sure that original Victorian street names were kept and neighbours from the original slum area where the estate replaced were housed next to eachother. This contributed to the initial popularity of the estate b ut it could not stop problems of crime and dilapidation following. It is interesting to compare the fates of Robin Hood Gardens and Park Hill. The vertical circulation system and access from streets in the air were said to make the Robin Hood estate unpopular[39]. However, it was also blamed for disagreeing with the Smithsons idea at Golden Lane of housing elements forming networks or clusters and the Team 10 premise that a buildings first duty is to the fabric in which it stands by having been divided into two building blocks. They do not demonstrate, by combining into a longer entity the potential for a city wide pedestrian network[40]. On the other hand, Park Hill estate does join up into a large entity but its 12 foot decks were in turn blamed for providing quick getaways for burglars and other criminals. Neither building realised the dream of the elevated community utopia. Does this suggest that streets in the air in actuality never got off the ground? The Barbican estate offers safe and secluded elevated decks with beautiful views over the e state but it does not serve as a social gathering place for the residents nor a playground for the children. It seems somehow it is extremely difficult to recapture the East End feel in the Smithsons signature design feature. At the CIAM conference in 1953, they attacked the decades-old dogma propounded by Le Corbusier and others that cities should be zoned into specific areas for living, working, leisure and transport, and that urban housing should consist of tall, widely spaced towers[41]. The Smithsons ideal city would combine different activities within the same areas. However, the legacy of CIAM and of Le Corbusier was a significant burden and will take time to wear off[42]. By the close of 1960s, there was a shift from the raw Brutalism of the 50s to a gentler and more refined form of architectural language[43]. Team 10s urban productions were marked by a distinct retreat from the early mobility-driven solutions to solutions based on the metamorphosis of inherent qualities of existing urban structures where large open sites were concerned; or rehabilitation and reuse of existing structures combined with new small-scale interventions, were existing structures are concerned. In effect, many of the so called Post-Modern revolutions of 1970s, including participation, rehabilitation, restoration, preservation, and political reorganisation, had been pre-dated by Team 10s thinking during 1960s.[44] Does this suggest that the New Brutalists finally acknowledged the mistakes of their designs and retreated? Such an interpretation would have ignored the context of 1950s where a quick solution was needed to re-house many people from bombed out regions in the centre of industrial cities and putrid slums. However, haste is a lazy excuse for questionable design. It cannot be ignored that the hard concrete aesthetic and morphological autonomy in part alienated Brutalist works from their residents and ended up forming ghettos for housing for the lower classes. In fairness, many estates in Britain were brought off the peg by local authorities too lazy or unimaginative to hire architects and planners of their own[45] that resulted in appalling dimness and dullness[46]. But, the original designs from New Brutalist architects also proved to be design disasters. Despite their efforts to accommodate the working class into their towers, they designed buildings with features that were highly uns uitable for such residents and eventually drove them away. Chapter 3 Design Failures According to R. K. Jarvis[47], Le Corbusiers urban design principles belong to the artistic tradition in urban design, sharing the umbrella term with Camillo Sitte, Gordon Cullen, Roy Worskett and the Ministry for Housing and Local Government in London which designed the post-war British towns and villages. From first appearances, such principles could not be more different. Sittes emphasis artistic principles in city building is the direct aesthetic antithesis to modernists conception of Order by pure geometry; and neither would have tolerated the rows of front-and-back garden semi-detached houses of post-war England. Martin Kreigers Review of Large Scale Planning[48] sets out three binds the set of limitations of particular attitudes that are common with all urban designers of the artistic tradition. Firstly, the desire for a formal, general model which will provide a scientific foundation for planning analysis and proposals can be seen just as clearly beneath Sittes sensual and overwhelmingly visual impressions as Le Corbusiers utilitarian explanations of the benefits of international-style living. Guidelines, whether calling for That the centre of plazas be kept free or WE MUST BUILD ON A CLEAR SITE!

Society and Characters in The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Nathaniel Hawthorne chose the market place and the forest as settings used to symbolically develop his portrait of society and the characters in The Scarlet Letter. In this novel a story unfolds of three people who are torn apart by sin, revenge, and guilt. The market place reveals to the reader a place of restraint and severe Puritan laws. The setting of the forest yields the impressions of wild unrestraint and passion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The market place paints a careful picture of restraint and law that seldom delves into the depths of raw human emotion. As we study the buildings, we receive an equally strict message. The churches plant a vision of austere religion and conformity into the minds of eager readers. The closeness of the buildings in proximity to one another demonstrates the level of care and interest each member of the population is meant to take in the others. One of the most prominent structures in the market place is the scaffold. 'It was in short, the platform of the pillory; and above it rose the framework of that instrument of discipline, so fashioned as to confine the human head in its tight grasp, and thus holding it up to public gaze. The very ideal of ignominy was embodied and made manifest in this contrivance of wood and iron'; (56). It was made clear that this structure was a symbol of punishment to the people, but it also came to be a symbol of sin, guilt, death, and release. How did this structure take on so many meanings throughout the book? The answer is that each time there was an event occurring at the scaffold, each of the main characters was present. The place that Hawthorne chose to unite the characters and hoard symbolic meaning was the scaffold. In the second chapter, entitled 'The Market-Place,'; the reader is first introduced to Hester Prynne as she serves her punishment on the scaffold with her child, Pearl, in her arms. A careful survey of this scene reveals her minister Dimmesdale above the scaffold and her husband, Chillingworth, in the crowd. From the very beginning, Hawthorne has brought these characters together in the ominous presence of the scaffold.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In chapter seven, entitled 'The Minister's Vigil,'; we find Dimmesdale standing atop the scaffold with his arms outstretched to his mundane lover and daughter. Chillingworth also emerges out of the darkness to call in the minister. In the final scaffold scene, we see the minister openly admit his sin, with Hester and Pearl by his side, and Chillingworth at the bottom of the