Saturday, November 16, 2019
The arrival of the cousins in Act one Essay Example for Free
The arrival of the cousins in Act one Essay Compare the way Miller presents the relationships between Beatrice, Eddie and Catherine, before and after the arrival of the cousins in Act one.Ã In 1915 America was seen as the land of freedom for many Italians and they fled from the poor, grimy streets of Italy. America was there only hope and they came in there thousands to earn money for there starving families and find a new life. The Carbone family as presented by Miller is one such family. The Carbone household conceals a web of mixed feelings and from the start you can feel the tension brewing under the false smiles and unspoken conflict. We are introduced to Eddie Carbone, Beatrice Carbone and Catherine at the start of the play yet we are not told of there relationships with each other until later. At first it seems that Eddie and Catherine are together and we have no idea that they are uncle and niece.Ã Beatrice knows of Eddies feelings yet says nothing. This all adds to the tension and we know its all going to explode, the only question is when.Ã The cousins arrival aggravates this or and even adds more conflict and tension. The first impression we get of the relationships in the house is that Eddie and Catherine are lovers. There actions towards each other are sexual and flirtatious yet they are trying to hide it. This is shown when Eddie refers to Catherines skirt as beautiful he could have been talking about the skirt or maybe Catherine as a whole. The relationship between Eddie and Beatrice on the other hand is one of duty rather than love. Beatrice is silent to what is going on around her. This shows the power Eddie holds over her. This is displayed throughout the play, by the lack of respect given to her and by how he speaks to her. For example you lived in a house all your life, what do you know about it? this shows he doesnt respect her and thinks she has an easy life. Catherine and Beatrices relationship is quite innocent at first and there doesnt seem to be much between them, it later appears that Beatrice holds a deep jealousy of the relationship she has with Eddie. This is shown by miller when Beatrice confronts Catherine about her behaviour around Eddie. Like when he comes home you throw yourself at him like when you was twelve years old Although it is apparent to us that the relationship between Eddie and Catherine one of a sexual or desiring nature. Catherine appears to be oblivious to it, for example she strikes a match and holds it to his cigar this is a very up-close and personal act and then she blows out the match, this seems a very sexual act, with them being so close and her blowing out the match so close to his face, yet Catherine does not make anything of it and carries on. Catherine sees Eddie as a Father figure and is always seeking to impress him. Her actions are often mistaken to be flirtatious when they can also be seen as innocent behaviour of a young girl looking for her fathers approval. One such instance is when Catherine starts running her hands over her skirt this can be seen as flirting or it can also be seen as though she is nervous because she does not know if Eddie approves.Ã This is also apparent when Eddie says you aint all the girls this shows that he considers her to be special either because he is in love with her or because he sees her as his daughter Beatrice Knows of Eddies feelings towards Catherine however she cannot say anything because she fears Eddie and she holds it in, taking the anger out in her actions. For example when she is mad she gets up, clearing the dishes this shows that she doesnt want to confront Eddie therefore she occupies herself with other tasks. Beatrice is also jealous of Catherine; she wants the same relationship that Catherine has with Eddie. Eddie holds the power in the house, with him being the only man. Both women look up to him and never contradict him. Miller clearly shows this throughout the start of Act 1. An example of Eddies power is when it says Eddie is standing facing the two seated woman this shows the women look up to him and it also forms a triangle with him being the top point, showing his power over them. This can also be seen as though both women are competing for Eddie.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
My House Was Destroyed by Fire Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay abou
December came quietly that year, not blinding us with a blanket of snow, but creeping through the landscape with a cold that ached in the bones. Every blade of grass was held captive by a sheath of frost, as were the glacial branches that scraped at my windows, begging to get in. It is indeed the coldest year I can remember, with winds like barbs that caught and pulled at my skin. People ceaselessly searched for warmth, but my family found that this year, the warmth was searching for us. My family had collected in the basement, a testament to tacky dà ©cor with a dash of dank- ness. Nevertheless, it was easily the warmest place in the house and all household activities were being conducted there that day. My dad was trying to conquer a video game with little success, and my brother and I toiled with our homework achieving an equal lack of accomplishment. The culprit of our distraction was undoubtedly the pot roast that waited upstairs for us, taunting our empty stomachs with its heavy smell which floated over the moldy air of the basement like oil on water. The aroma must have reminded my mother to afford the roast a checkup, for she had abandoned the laundry and was ascending the stairs. Now, I donââ¬â¢t believe much in the extrasensory, but I distinctly remember having a bad, bad feeling when my mother traversed the last step. Whatever this premonition may have been, it had me at my feet and waiting at the bottom of the stairs for a scream I already knew was coming. No foreshadowing could have prepared me for it, though. Her scream hit me like a cy- clone, turning my legs to rubber and my innards to slush. Frantic yelling followed the first shrill cry, and my father had nearly flown upstairs before I could even chi... ...the fire. My dolls were twisted and liquefied, broken and scorched, sprawled upon my shelves and floor as if my room was some elaborate death scene. Spectral pieces of shattered glass sparkled amongst the yellow glow of my flashlight, littering my bed and a great deal of the floor. My family was reunited with no tears, but shared a common frustration that knotted in all of our stomachs. The next four months would be equally hellish, spent in a cramped hotel room, with a so-called kitchen and comfortable living space that included a sink, a microwave, and three beds for the four of us. The time away from the hotel was devoted to slaving over house repairs, or simply yearning for just a breath of spring. The cold was hideous and blistering, and people matched its bitterness with their complaints. My family stayed quiet; we had our share of warmth that winter.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Mainframe computer Essay
Hardware and Software Components BUS 210 July 8, 2011 Brian Wirpsa Axia College Material Appendix E Hardware/Software Components In your own words, describe the following hardware/software components Legacy systems| The legacy systems are the IT system as a whole for a company. The legacy system is computers, hardware, and software needed to run an IT system. | Mainframe computers| Mainframe computers were the hub of a companyââ¬â¢s IT system information. They were large, used mostly for number crunching, and only accessible by company managers. Later, although they remained expensive minicomputers were made that were used for word processing, and more readily available for other function departments to use. | Microprocessors| Microprocessors are the software components that help to make the personal computer possible. Microprocessors are essentially the brains inside of a pc. | PCs| PCââ¬â¢s or personal computers are much smaller than mainframe computers and made for individual use. They were computers that use software that any individual can use and within a business held a connection to the companyââ¬â¢s mainframe. Network computers| Network computers act as the middleman in the communication between the pc and a companyââ¬â¢s mainframe. This group of pcââ¬â¢s connection to the mainframe server called a ââ¬Å"land area networkâ⬠acts as a landline for the network of computers located in the same building. | World Wide Web and Internet| The world wide web is a connection worldwide to any and every computer in the world. The world wide web allowed information to be transferred to and from anywhere in the world via the internet. With wires, cables, Ethernet wires, and routers is how The internet was able to transfer information. | Wired and wireless broadband technology| Wired broadband technology is the use of the internet through wires that transmit data at a slow speed. Like a tunnel, wired internet technology must move slowly through the small space provided by the wiring. Wireless technology uses no wiring, therefore that tunnel is now wide open with more space and room for data to transfer at a higher rate of speed. PC software PC software is the brains that operate the computer. PC software is what is used to connect all functions of a computer together to work such as the hardware components and the software itself. | Networking software| Networking software is the second brain for a computer that allows it to connect to a companyââ¬â¢s servers and company pcââ¬â¢s. | Computer security software | Computer security software is the protective shield or skull for a computer that prevents outsiders from entering a computer system and taking vital information.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
The Design of Microsoftî Support Network 1.0
Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation: The Design of Microsoftà ® Support Network 1. 0 1. What factors suggest that Microsoft's PSS Division needs a more comprehensive and flexible approach for its service offerings? Admittedly, Microsoft's support services were not as good as those offered by some competitors. Several factors contributed to the nondescript nature of Microsoft services. Previous support service policy had been determined at the product level. Annually, each product manager negotiated with PSS over the type, extent, and pricing of services to be offered to customers along with their products. Because Microsoft had 150 products, the result was a hodgepodge of service offerings. Some products had no support services, some offered unlimited ââ¬Å"freeâ⬠service that was accessed by phone via a ââ¬Å"tollâ⬠number, and still others provided extensive telephone service ââ¬Å"for feeâ⬠. For customers, particularly those that owned and used several Microsoft products, the service offerings were confusing because it was difficult to know which service came with which product. Moreover, expert users felt that they were paying for services they didn't need on basic applications. At the same time, they could not get sophisticated support services on some of Microsoft's newly introduced line of highly technical advanced systems, even if they were willing to pay extra. 2. Based upon the guidelines that senior management has provided to Trish May, what product support strategy has Microsoft envisioned? Before the PSS task force started its work in December 1992, Patty Stonesifer, Trish May, and key team members, along with the input of Bill Gates, Steve Ballmer, and Mike Maples, devised a set of goals that were to guide efforts and serve as the basis for all technical support programs. These included: â⬠¢Microsoft technical support services should reinforce and enhance the high quality of Microsoft products. Bill Gates insisted on this goal. He maintained that Microsoft needed to deliver a comprehensive offering to the marketplace that was comprised of both high quality products and support services. Gates was willing to invest significant resources into technical support services to improve their overall quality and customer perceptions of them. â⬠¢Choice, Quality, and Simplicity should characterize all technical support programs. Based upon several market research studies and experience, the task force concluded that customer satisfaction would be sustained by delivering technical support that met customer needs in three ways. First, support programs should offer customers a choice. Those who ââ¬Å"did not want to pay for support they didn't needâ⬠should be able to buy software alone, at a price that did not include service costs. At the same time, customers that ââ¬Å"wanted more support and were willing to pay extra for itâ⬠could also do so. Second, all technical support provided by Microsoft should meet or exceed industry standards for quality. Third, all technical support programs should be marked by simplicity; that is, customers should have little difficulty understanding Microsoft's offering and how it applied specifically to their needs. â⬠¢Technical support services should be a ââ¬Å"cost centerâ⬠for the Microsoft Corporation. On this point, there was uniform agreement in the company. As managers saw it, Microsoft's ââ¬Å"core competenceâ⬠was its technology. Though important, technical support services were not seen as a potential source of corporate profits. Instead, Microsoft was prepared to invest in them in the short run, with the eventual goal of breaking even. â⬠¢The Microsoft Corporation should be the technical service provider of ââ¬Å"last resortâ⬠. Microsoft managers took progressive steps to leverage the work of PSS engineers. First, the development group engaged in continuous efforts to make all software as ââ¬Å"user-friendlyâ⬠as possible. Resulting reductions in user problems would lower demand for service. Second, managers initiated special efforts to give customers tools and information, so that they could resolve as many problems themselves as possible. Third, the firm would inform customers about and encourage them to use third party service providers (e. g. , VARs, dealers, ISVs) in their communities and industries. Finally, if the first three methods proved ineffective, then managers would actively directed customers to PSS personnel. 3. How should the Microsoft Support Network 1. 0 matrix be structured in terms of rows and columns? Early on in their analyses, the task force hit upon the idea of using a matrix to summarize the various service offerings. Members referred to it as the Microsoft Support Network 1. 0. The rows of the matrix would consist of major service groupings, while the columns would capture the differences in those services across product or customer segment categories. In turn, each element in the matrix would describe a specific service offering and include a fee structure. To avoid customer confusion, the group concluded that 4 rows and 4 columns should be the largest size of the matrix; however, no research had been done to confirm this. Although the concept of a service-offering matrix received enthusiastic and universal approval among Microsoft managers, there was widespread disagreement over the make-up of the rows, columns, and elements. Trish noted that the matrix could be constructed in several ways. Each had distinct advantages. 4. What implementation problems should PSS managers anticipate? How can PSS managers successfully overcome them? Main problem ââ¬â to offer some free services for its software and if yes which ones. Such services should be implemented and delivered to customers, some for free and some for a little fee. Also there exist many different competitors who offer rivalry products for the better terms. For example Adobe gives its customers some cards on which they get bonus points and then have the opportunity to exchange them for the service delivered. Company also has a problem with communication and making its customer to understand what they are selling. There are cases when customers did not clearly understand what they are paying for or what problems will this software solve for them. Management first of all should allocate priorities, based on the overall corporate goal of the company. As far as I can see from the case company management clearly understands that they need something to change, they know that this something is the new support system more frequently working one. Also hey know that this would need investment and are ready to pay for it, because the most important they understand that without that system harmonic development of the company would be almost impossible. So as I think Microsoft first should listen to heir customers understand their needs clearly and deliver the value that way, cause without clear understanding what your customer wants good, workable strategy will be impossible to implement. And the last one Microsoft should understand that they do not need complicated software with many gadgets and etc. neither they are the experts (all of them) in the field of IT, so the one thing they want in easier solving of problem. If Microsoft will manage to this by better communication, more user friendly programs etc. it does not matter for the customer. Customer need problem solving not the exact product.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
The Classical Han Dynasty
The Classical Han Dynasty Free Online Research Papers The Han period was called the classical time of China because of their music, poetry, and their Confucian beliefs. According to definitions. Net classical means ââ¬Å"of or relating to the most highly developed stage of an earlier civilization and its culture.â⬠The Han dynasty was this time for China. People today are still proud to call themselves the ââ¬Å"people of Hanâ⬠. (New world Encyclopedia) The Han dynasty was the Eastern worldââ¬â¢s equivalent of the Western worldââ¬â¢s Rome. The Chinese are one of the oldest civilizations in the world, but they are also the first people in history to create an actual musical scale. One of the main organizing principles of the Chinese music scale are centered around the minor third and major sixth intervals. The preference for those specific intervals mask the semitones of the Chinese scale which gives it that very distinctive tone that is often difficult to discern for those of us in the western world. Chinese musical compositions also utilize a system of intervals, built upon both thirds and fourths. (NatGeo.com) Therefore we can assume that much of the worlds music to come after this was based loosely upon the Chinese ideals. This gives the music of China, especially that of the Han dynasty the classification of ââ¬Å"classicalâ⬠. The ancient Chinese defined a series of 12 frequencies called the ââ¬Å"là ¼-là ¼Ã¢â¬ . Various sets of five, or six, or seven frequencies, pentatonic and heptatonic tones, created from these frequencies were selected to make the major scale familiar to our own ears. Chinese aesthetics prefers to use intervals rather than scales. These 12 ââ¬Å"là ¼Ã¢â¬ are approximate to the frequencies we know as F, G flat, G, E flat, and E. (Worner, K) The Chinese system of tuning includes the closest tones to the ââ¬Å"justâ⬠intervals. In music, just intonation is any musical tuning in which the frequencies of notes are related by ratios of small whole numbers. Any interval tuned in this way is called a just interval. (Wikipedia, ââ¬Å"just intonationâ⬠) Typically, most Chinese melodies are based on an octave of five notes. Even though sets of seven notes that we know of as Do, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, Ti (Do) were used extensively at one point in china. These and their influence are responsible for the scales we use in western music today. (Hook, B) Art music was the central portion of the Chinese musical system. Courtesan and dance music as an art form were a very minor part of the times philosophical mainstream. Classical music in the Chinese lifestyle was at its peak during the reign of Ji Kang (223-262 CE) at the end of the Han Dynasty. Ji Kang was one of the foremost poets, musicians philosophers of this time. Many of his compositions are still studied today. (NatGeo.com) Chinese classical music slowly faded towards the end of the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE), and throughout the later eras, except for an extended period during the Tang period. The Han invented and made up many tools and other forms of human communications. One of the reasons it was called classical is because of its literature and advancements in writing. The Chinese invented paper which is one of the greatest inventions known to man. The Han poetry was simplistic and refined and the Han culture expressed humanism and common sense when they wrote their poetry. Chinese poetry also took the form of hymns and ritual songs accompanied by lute and other string instruments. Chinese poetry was never made to write about epics of heroic poems but wrote to serve as entertainment that was usually read at banquets, showing of affection, or gifts. Han poetry, which takes the form of ââ¬Å"prose-poem,â⬠is personal and intimate and not moralizing and eulogistic. Therefore their poetry is not meant to glorify individuals prowess or valorous achievements as it mediates on human experience. The Han poems are well known for the beauty they poses in each poem that was created. Han poems didnââ¬â¢t necessarily always rhyme and flow but they were always written to make a point or to point something out that the poet felt at the time. One of the very famous poems of the Han culture was the Chu lyrics that evolved into the fu, a poem usually in rhymed verse except for the intro and the conclusion that are in prose. Often in the form of question and answers. During the Han period Emperor Wu (156-87 BCE)accepted Confucianism as the state ideology of China. The ideals of Confucianism state that all people will be treated with humanity, and that one should act according to their rank. He taught that the five most important relationships are a parent and a child, husband and wife, elder and younger brother, friend to friend, and ruler to subject. Each relationship having a duty to the other. Confucianism also lead to a state educational system based on the teachings of Chinaââ¬â¢s first philosopher Kung fu-Tzu (551-479 BCE), whoââ¬â¢s name translates to Confucius in Latin. Emperor Wu founded the Grand Academy to teach the five Confucius classics which are The Book of Changes, The Book of History, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals. Confucius is also responsible for the Analects, which was a guide for proper behavior among society. It was his idea that to become an ethical person you must study and practice appropriate behavior. (Moore, J) The basis of ethical behavior are divided into to parts. The Li is the learning of appropriate behavior when engaging in human interaction, while the Ren is the action of a person its self. The Golden rule of Confucianism is ââ¬Å"What you do not want to be done to you, do not do to othersâ⬠(Analects 15:23). The Han Dynasty was by far Chinaââ¬â¢s most advance civilization. Still to this day some of the Han ideals are still in practice and they remain the greatest Chinese empire the world has ever seen. Bibliography 1. Classical | Define Classical at Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. . Definition no. 2 4a 2. Wo?rner, Karl Heinrich. History of Music; a Book for Study and Reference. 5th ed. New York: Free, 1973. Print. pp. 28 3. China : Nat Geo World Music. Home : National Geographic World Music. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/china_170. 4. Hook, Brian. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge UP, 1982. Print. pp. 376-378 5. Just Intonation -. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Mar. 2010. . 6. Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition Book 1. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2006. Print. 7. Latourette, Kenneth Scott. The Chinese Their History and Culture. New York: Macmillan Company, 1964. Print. 8. Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer. Confucianism: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. Print. 9. New World Encyclopedia. Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, 03 Apr. 2008. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. . 10. classical. Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2010. 7 March. 2010. Research Papers on The Classical Han DynastyWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBringing Democracy to AfricaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
Auditing and Ethics Independent Operation
The major responsibility of the auditors is to find out that if there is any materials misstatement in the accounting operations of the audited organization. There are some responsibilities of the auditors. They need to be ethical and honest at the time of audit operation (Louwers et al., 2013). In this regard, Accounting Professional & Ethical Standards Board Limited (APESB) has issued the APES 110 article that states the responsibility of the auditors. On the other hand, this article also includes the details of threats that an auditor can face and its safeguards (apesb.org.au 2016). The second situation indicates that Fellowes and Associates have valued the intellectual properties of HCHG on 1 March 2014 that is worth 30 million. Another important factor is that the intellectual properties are shown as material to HCHG. On 30 June 2014, the consolidated balance sheet of HCHG includes that same amount of intellectual property. This act of Fellowes and Associates has created a possible threat for Fellowes and Associates. As per the rules and regulations of Fellowes and Associates, an auditor needs to appropriately evaluate the results of previous judgment made by another audit partner. This process demands the revaluation of various assets of the audit client. When the auditors fail to do this, it creates the Self- Review Threat (Ojo, 2015). In the case of second situation, the auditors of Fellowes and Associates have taken the same amount of the intellectual properties on 30 June 2014. However, as per the rules of APES 110, the auditors need to revaluate the inte llectual properties. Hence, this act of Fellowes and Associates has created the Self-Review Threat for the audit firm. This threat is considered as a major offence in audit profession (Dobler, 2014). According to the first situation, the activity of one of the audit associates of Fellowes and Associates has created the threat of Self-interest. This type of threat is occurred when any member of the audit team has financial interest in the property of the audit client. In this particular incident, the corrective action will be to replace that particular account associate with another one. This only corrective action can be taken. However, some safeguards can be adopted to avoid this kind of situations. First, some policies and procedures need to be implemented that will help the organization to identify the staffs having financial interest in the properties of the audit client. Second, the non-audit services to the audit clients need to be minimized in order to prevent this. Last but not the least, there needs to be effective policies and principle that will prohibit the audit employees to establish financial relationship with the audit clients (Tahir, Idris & Ariffin, 2014). The second situation indicates that there is a Self-review threat by the wrong evaluation of the intellectual properties of HCHG. The rule states that other auditors must evaluate the valuation of assets. In the case of Fellowes and Associates, the only safeguards available are that the valuation of the intellectual properties needs to be evaluated by another audit team. There are some safeguards available to prevent this kind of incidents. First, it is necessary to minimize to provide non audit services to audit clients. Second, it needs to be made sure that the audit client takes decisions based on non-audit services on their own responsibility. Third, there should be a cooling off-period time before a senior auditor takes the responsibility of the audit operations. These safeguards can be taken to avoid these kinds of situation (Lawson, Spencer & Turek, 2016). As per the above discussion, it can be seen that the auditors need to maintain the rules and regulations of APES 110 at the time of audit operation. The above report states that there are major two kinds of threats in the audit operation. They are self-interest threat and self-review threat. These two are the major threats that have minimum number of safeguards. However, corrective measures are available to reduce these threats. On the other hand, APES 110 provides some safeguards that can be used to reduce the chance of the occurrence of these threats. APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. (2016).Ã apesb.org.au. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/standard1.pdf Bosse, D. A., & Phillips, R. A. (2016). Agency theory and bounded self-interest.Ã Academy of Management Review,Ã 41(2), 276-297. Dobler, M. (2014). Auditor-provided non-audit services in listed and private family firms.Ã Managerial Auditing Journal,Ã 29(5), 427-454. Lawson, B. P., Spencer, A. W., & Turek, M. (2016). Developments in Ethics Guidelines for CPAs.Ã Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance,Ã 27(6), 63-71. Louwers, T. J., Ramsay, R. J., Sinason, D. H., Strawser, J. R., & Thibodeau, J. C. (2013).Ã Auditing and assurance services. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ojo, M. (2015). Audits, audit quality and signalling mechanisms: concentrated ownership structures.Ã American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences,Ã 1(2). Svanberg, J., & Ãâ"hman, P. (2013). Auditors' time pressure: does ethical culture support audit quality?.Ã Managerial Auditing Journal,Ã 28(7), 572-591. Tahir, F. A., Idris, K. M., & Ariffin, Z. Z. (2014). Dimensions of Auditor Independence: A Pilot Study.Ã International Journal of Business and Management,Ã 9(6), 72.
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Critically explore the legal and etihical context of delivering Essay
Critically explore the legal and etihical context of delivering healthcare to patients who do not speak English and issues around informed consent- look at the - Essay Example condition is with the care that can be provided and will thus have the option to freely consent to, or refuse treatment on the basis of complete information. The language barrier can be a significant detrimental factor for patients because it can decrease access to and adequacy of health care due to the inability to communicate symptoms effectively, especially when they are brought into the emergency department and the use of language interpreters can significantly reduce the obstacles that are created through the inability of provider-patient to communicate effectively (Woloshin et al 1995:724-28). A study conducted by Hampers et al (1999) in the United States specifically examined the barriers cast by language and the inability of patients and their families to speak English when receiving health care in the emergency department, in order to determine whether there was any difference in diagnostic testing and length of stay. As a result, the practitioners were required to assess health care and make clinical diagnoses without the facility of a full or complete history due to the language barrier between health providers and patients. M oreover, this study showed that such patients were also less likely to be insured when they arrived for emergency services and the hampering of diagnostic and testing resulted in higher costs per patient and longer lengths of stay in the emergency departments. Similarly, a research report was prepared by Shah and Priestley (2001) which examined the experiences of black and minority disabled patients in Leeds hospitals. This report highlighted some of the specific concerns of Asian and black disabled patients and the obstructions to their health care that resulted from the lack of sensitivity of health care providers to language, religious and cultural issues. This report also showed that most minority patients who were older did not know English and the function of interpretation when they arrived at the hospital was carried out
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